Short answer: drop the photo, read what it records, then download the cleaned copy. Re-encoding removes Exif, XMP and text chunks together, so a GPS tag cannot survive in a second copy of the metadata.
Why a partial strip is worse than none
Some editors delete the Exif block and leave the XMP packet, or keep a thumbnail that still contains the original metadata. The photo then looks clean in one inspector and leaks in another. This tool re-encodes, so there is nothing left to leak.
What is lost on purpose
The capture date and camera model go with the location. If you need a timestamp for a claim, note it down before cleaning — a photo with no metadata cannot prove when it was taken.